New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather daunting title. This section presents data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arranged for the occasional users. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. The environmental alternative to traditional refrigerants. R22 chc1f425 and r11 cc1435f are colorless, nonexplosive, nonpoisonous refrigerants with many properties similar to those of r12. The thermochemical and physical properties of each refrigerant were used to.
The toxicity depends upon the concentration and exposure limits. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants absorb all available heat from perishable goods until theyre frozen solid. Fundamental and practical flammability properties of 2l. Mixtures of r12 vapor and air, in all proportions, will not irritate your eyes, nose, throat, or lungs. Click below to go to the master list of all commercial resources.
Primary refrigerants change states to absorb heat from surrounding areas or substances. Refrigerants can be characterized by a number of properties. Originally the title given was new and alternative refrigerants but i was also asked to. After studying this unit, you should be able to learn the different classifications of refrigerants, naming convention for refrigerants, properties of. Class a signifies refrigerants for which toxicity has not been identified. Mixtures of r12 vapor and air, in all proportions, will not. R11, r12, r22, r4a, r744, r718 are least hazardous, while refrigerants belonging to group b3 e. This is applicable to both refrigeration and air conditioning. It is the fluid that flows continuously through the refrigeration cycle or vapor compression cycle absorbing heat from the low temperature reservoir and throwing it to the atmosphere or any other high temperature reservoir.
In a negative pressure evaporator atmospheric air or moisture will leak into the system. Pdf thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r116 from cubic. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless. Toxicity is the important properties of refrigerants. The high efficiency of natural refrigerants also means that they make a lower indirect contribution to global warming. Refrigerants with higher boiling points tend to be more efficient and may work well in a smaller machine. Jul, 2000 zeotropes have predictable properties based on combinations of the pure components properties.
Secondary refrigerants allow the amounts of environmentally harmful primary refrigerants to be minimized and contained in a restricted area. If there is toxicity identified in this small amount, the substance is a class b refrigerant. Pdf properties of refrigerants from cubic equations of state. Classification can be divided into class 1, class 2, class 3. The database provides bibliographic citations and abstracts for publications that may be useful in research and design of airconditioning and refrigeration equipment. These properties pressure, temperature, volume, density, enthalpy, flammability, the opportunity to mix with vegetable oil, moisture reaction, smell, toxicity, leakage trend, and leak detection. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets. Class 1 refrigerants used in the standard compression type cooling system. Annex 18 reports the comprehensive evaluations of the available equations of state and recommended formulations for r123, r4a, r32. Natural refrigerants are chemicals which occur in natures bio chemical processes.
R407cpsltt r407cpsvtt r407c t sl p p r407c t s vp p r407cdsltt r407cdsvtt r407chsltt r407chsvtt r407cssltt r407cssvtt r407ccpsltt r407ccpsvtt r407ccvsltt r407ccvsvtt r407csurftenstt. Detailed comparison is made on first generation, second generation and third generation refrigerants, including the option of using hcs and co 2. The properties are a combination of the individual component properties, and the vapor composition is different from the liquid, which promotes fractionation and temperature glide effects. Most of the halogenated refrigerants meet these requirements. This program is based on the most accurate pure fluid and mixture models currently available. The conditions include 1 the use of unique fittings, 2 the use of descriptive labels, and. Assessment reader android epub pdf of natural refrigerants in different applications. Oct 04, 2016 hey guys, refrigerants is nothing but. The predictions of system behavior and performance are aided by the known thermodynamic and transport properties of the refrigerant. Natural refrigerants was developed as a joint effort between the national renewable energy laboratory nrel and cta architects engineers.
Technical information sheet physical properties of refrigerants. Class 1 refrigerants are completely nonflammable, class 2 types are moderately flammable and class 3 substances are highly flammable. Classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important differences between primary and secondary refrigerants section 26. The refrigerants should be non poisonous to humans and food stuff. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants no companies have listed products specifically related to this chapters topic. Toxicity classification of refrigerants is assigned to classes a or b. Safety is perhaps the most important single factor in the selection of a refrigerant. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the faci ng page.
No companies have listed products specifically related to this chapters topic. A impact of refrigerant property uncertainties on prediction. Here are some of the desirable properties of refrigerant explained in detail. This paper presents the investigation results of hfc refrigerants r125, r143a, r152a and r32 which prevent the ozone layer. Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables. The refrigerants are arranged in increasing order of atmospheric boiling point, from air at 194. Safety properties of refrigerants considering flammability and toxicity are defined by ashrae standard 34 1. Refrigerants color codes refrigerants and their color codes. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants absorb all available heat. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge. R22 light green r4a light sky blue r404a orange the name label of the gases are given on the cylinder.
Properties of common household and commercial refrigerants in a responsive, clear table. Refrigerant is the life blood of the vapor compression cycle. Temperature 5 storage and handling 6 bulk and cylinder 6 maintenance 6 leak detection 6 retrofitting existing r22 systems 7 retrofit procedures 7. This project was made possible with american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 funds. Netherlands application note micro gas chromatography, refrigerant analysis, product. However, hcfc refrigerants r123 and r22 do not completely prevent the ozone layer depletion.
Refrigerant storage examples not part of standard sample sensor locations 4455 no open flames that use combustion air from the machinery room boilers can be located within the mechanical as long as the combustion air is ducted from the outside to the boiler or shut down sensors are installed 8. Working fluids in refrigeration cycles undergoes phase transition in cycles mostly before going to subject topic first of all we divide all refrigerants in following categories. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. Refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. Download limit exceeded you have exceeded your daily download allowance.
R4a is a common refrigerant used in residential refrigerators around the world, and in automobiles. Jul 17, 2017 a refrigerant with a lower boiling point tends to have a better ability to cool. Color codes of refrigerants easy recognize gas cylinder different refrigerant has different color coding few examples are given below. D ett, energiteknik, kth, stockholm abstract thermophysical properties of low global warming potential gwp refrigerants were obtained to study and compare their performance with r22 and r4a. Refrigerants thermodynamic, physical, chemical, safe ty related and environmental properties have been presented and discussed in the first part of the paper. In terms of its properties, it should be considered a highclass refrigerant. This product was developed to be used in low and mediumtemperature commercial refrigeration. In todays world, other properties of the refrigerant are more important. Solstice n40 r448a refrigerant refrigerants americas. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil n low cost. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options.
Examples of secondary refrigerants include water, air, hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbon dioxide, which are more environmentally benign than traditional refrigerants such as hcfcs. A good refrigerant has the right combination of safety and functionality. It has remained the main refrigerant used in industrial refrigeration systems because of its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. Freon refrigerants r11, r12 and r22, plus ammonia and water, will be discussed in terms. Duponttm refrigerants, technical information keywords. R407cpsltt r407cpsvtt r407c t sl p p r407c t s vp p r407cdsltt r407cdsvtt r407chsltt r407chsvtt r407cssltt r407cssvtt r407ccpsltt r407ccpsvtt r407ccvsltt r407ccvsvtt r407csurftenstt r407cwsltt r407cwsvtt. Most automotive air conditioning systems except in australia and possibly other countries use r4a as a refrigerant. Pdf thermodynamic properties of refrigerant r116 from. In addition, it is sometimes helpful to classify some blends as nearazeotropes. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil. Refrigerants are chemicals used for cooling in automobile air conditioners.
Natural refrigerants are chemicals which occur in natures biochemical processes. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition. Usually, a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle that can extract heat from another body or substance. The thermodynamic properties are interrelated and mainly depend on normal boiling point, critical temperature, molecular weight and structure. Because of the similarities between r22, r11, and r12, only r12 is discussed. This unit is intended to serve as an introductory guide to the study of refrigerants. Synthetic and organic refrigerants are classified under two main categories, primary and secondary. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant author. Refrigerants and their environmental impact substitution.
To enable the use of smaller compressors and other equipment the refrigerant should have smaller vapor density. Refrigerants are classified according to their way of absorption or extraction of heat from substances stored in the refrigerator. Chemical vs natural refrigerants by professor dick powell of refrigerant solutions. P24 properties of new low gwp refrigerants sad jarall ph. Characteristics of some new generation refrigerants with low. This is the most important property of refrigerant.
Characteristics of some new generation refrigerants with. The refrigerant used should preferably be inexpensive and easily available. The flood of the airconditioner, that is, the refrigerants, their properties, merits and demerits are summarized to map the various types and their classifications. Composition analysis of contaminated and counterfeit. Composition analysis of contaminated and counterfeit refrigerants using the agilent 490 micro gc authors richard lawton cambridge refrigeration technology, united kingdom antony atkin analytix ltd, united kingdom remko van loon agilent technologies, inc. With this in mind, the working group has taken as its starting point the results of annex 18 thermophysical properties of the environmentally acceptable refrigerants of the heat pump programme of the international energy agency mclinden and watanabe. Discuss refrigerant selection criteria based on thermodynamic, thermophysical, environmental and economic properties section 26. The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years, semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure limitpermissible exposure. Freon refrigerants r11, r12 and r22, plus ammonia and water, will be discussed in terms of the above categories. Fundamental and practical flammability properties of 2l refrigerants national institute of advanced industrial science and technology aist kenji takizawa icr2015 workshop on risk assessment of mildly flammable refrigerants,august 20, 2015.
Refrigerants are chemicals used for cooling in automobile air. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants t his chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arra nged for the occasional user. Sep 17, 2014 color codes of refrigerants easy recognize gas cylinder different refrigerant has different color coding few examples are given below. Effects of refrigerant properties on refrigerant performance citeseerx. They do not deplete the ozone layer and make a negligible or zero in the case of r717 ammonia contribution to global warming. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. The boiling point is most important because it is a direct indicator of the temperature level at which a refrigerant can be used. Physical properties of the investigated refrigerants composition mass% ashrae safety class boiling t ac critical t ac critical p mpa glide r4a r4a 100 a1 26. After studying this unit, you should be able to learn the different classifications of refrigerants, naming convention for refrigerants, properties of individual refrigerants, and. The most reliable way to be safe is to choose a refrigerant that is neither toxic nor flammable. In both technical and nontechnical literature, fluorinecontaining hfc refrigerants are increasingly referred to as chemical or synthetic refrigerants in contrast to the socalled natural refrigerants. Zeotrope a blend that behaves normally as a mixture of refrigerants. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5. Please consult the msds for more comprehensive information.
896 1061 1029 479 45 1328 1211 856 89 824 215 1357 1346 1192 282 90 1518 1142 923 545 942 138 1511 394 286 1178 1542 1038 1290 529 526 760 160 1070 809 619 912 1387 1057 544 889 148 518 1395 251 1027 388 1005